Gender identity disorder

• Alternative Names

  Transsexualism

• Causes, incidence, and risk factors

  People with gender identity disorder may act and present themselves as members of the opposite sex. The disorder may affect:

  • Choice of sexual partners
  • Display of feminine or masculine mannerisms, behavior, and dress
  • Self-concept

  Gender identity disorder is not the same as homosexuality.

  Identity issues can occur in many situations and appear in different ways. For example, some people with normal genitalia and sexual characteristics (such as breasts) of one gender privately identify more with the other gender.

  Some people may cross-dress, and some may seek sex-change surgery. Others are born with ambiguous genitalia, which can raise identity issues.

  The cause is unknown, but hormones in the womb, genes, and environmental factors (such as parenting) may be involved. The rare disorder may occur in children or adults.

• Symptoms

  Children:

  • Are disgusted by their own genitals
  • Are rejected by their peers, feel alone
  • Believe that they will grow up to become the opposite sex
  • Have depression or anxiety
  • Say that they want to be the opposite sex

  Adults:

  • Dress like the opposite sex
  • Feel alone
  • Have depression or anxiety
  • Want to live as a person of the opposite sex
  • Wish to be rid of their own genitals

  Either adults or children:

  • Cross-dress, show habits typical of the opposite sex
  • Withdraw from social interaction
• Signs and tests

  The feeling of being in the body of the "wrong" gender must last for at least 2 years for this diagnosis to be made. A history and psychiatric evaluation can confirm the person's constant desire to be the opposite sex. The person's partner choices may be same sex or opposite sex.

• Treatment

  Individual and family counseling is recommended for children, and individual or couples therapy is recommended for adults. Sex reassignment through surgery and hormonal therapy is an option, but identity problems may continue after this treatment.

• Expectations (prognosis)

  Diagnosing and treating this disorder early can lead to a better outcome.

• Complications
  • Depression or anxiety
  • Emotional distress
  • Feeling alone
  • Poor self-concept
• Calling your health care provider

  Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of this disorder and want help, especially with anxiety and depression.

Review Date: 2/6/2008

Reviewed By: Christos Ballas, M.D., Attending Psychiatrist, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.