Proton therapy

• Information

  Unlike other types of radiation therapy that use x-rays to destroy cancer cells, proton therapy uses a beam of special particles called protons. Doctors can better aim proton beams onto a tumor, so there is less damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. This allows doctors to use a higher dose of radiation with proton therapy than they can use with x-rays.

  Proton therapy is used to treat cancers that have not spread. Doctors may use proton therapy to treat the following types of cancer:

  • Brain (acoustic neuroma, childhood brain tumors)
  • Eye (ocular melanoma, retinoblastoma)
  • Head and neck
  • Lung
  • Spine (chordoma, chondrosarcoma)
  • Prostate

  Researchers are also studying whether proton therapy might be used to treat other noncancerous conditions, including macular degeneration.

  HOW IT WORKS

  Your health care provider will fit you with a special device that holds your body still during treatment. The actual device used depends on the location of your cancer. For example, patients with head cancers may be fitted for a special mask.

  Next, you will have a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to map out the exact area to be treated. During the scan, you will wear the device that helps you stay still. The radiation oncologist will use a computer to trace the tumor and outline the angles at which the proton beams will enter your body.

  Proton therapy is performed on an outpatient basis. The treatment takes a few minutes a day over a period of 6 to 7 weeks, depending on the type of cancer. Before the treatment begins, you will get into the device that will hold you still. The radiation therapist will take a few x-rays to fine-tune the treatment.

  You will be placed inside a donut-shaped device called a gantry. It will rotate around you and point the protons in the direction of the tumor. A machine called a synchrotron or cyclotron creates and speeds up the protons. Then the protons are removed from the machine and magnets direct them to the tumor.

  The technician will leave the room while you are having proton therapy. The treatment should only take 1 to 2 minutes. You shouldn't feel any discomfort. After the treatment is over, the technician will return to the room and help you remove the device that held you still.

  SIDE EFFECTS

  Proton therapy may have side effects, but these tend to be milder than with x-ray radiation because proton therapy causes less damage to healthy tissues. Side effects depend upon the area being treated, but may include skin redness in the radiation area, and temporary hair loss.

  AFTER THE PROCEDURE

  Following proton therapy, you should be able to resume your normal activities. You will likely see your doctor every 3 to 4 months for a follow-up exam.

• References

  Brada M. Proton therapy in clinical practice: current clinical evidence. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:965-970.

  Lee AK, Frank SJ. Update on radiation therapy in prostate cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006;20:857-878.

  Halperin EC. Proton therapy and treatment of cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:676-685.

Review Date: 9/30/2008

Reviewed By: James R. Mason, MD, Oncologist, Director, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program and Stem Cell Processing Lab, Scripps Clinic, Torrey Pines, California. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.